Primary Investigator

• V. Saikiran, P. Bazylewski, I. Sameera, Ravi Bhatia, A. P. Pathak, V. Prasad, G. S. Chang, Electronic excitation induced modifications in elongated iron nanoparticle encapsulated multiwalled carbon nanotubes under ion irradiation, Appl. Surf. Sci. 439, 823-832 (2018) DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.183.
• D. W. Boukhvalov, P. Bazylewski, A.I. Kukharenko, I.S. Zhidkov, N.A. Skorikov, D.M. Korotin, Yu.A. Ponosov, E.Z. Kurmaev, S.O. Cholakh, Y.H. Lee, G. S. Chang, Atomic and electronic structure of a copper/graphene interface as prepared and 1.5 years after, Appl. Surf. Sci. 426, 1167-1172 (2017) DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.279.
• K. Bouras, G. Schmerber, H. Rinnert, D. Aureau, G. Ferblantier, S. Colis, T. Fix, P. Bazylewski, B. Leedahl, G. S. Chang, A. Dinia, A. Slaoui, Insight into photon conversion of Nd³⁺ doped low temperature grown p and n type tin oxide thin films, RSC Advances 6, 67157-67165 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14460h.
• V. Sharma, R. Vyas, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, K. Asokan, K. Sachdev, Probing into Highly Transparent and Conducting SnOₓ/Au/SnOₓ Structure for Futuristic TCO Applications, RSC Advances 6, 29135-29141 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA24422F.
• M. Balestrieri, S. Colis, M. Gallart, G. Schmerber, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, M. Ziegler, P. Gilliot, A. Slaoui, A. Dinia, Photon management properties of rare earth (Nd, Yb, Sm)-doped CeO₂ films prepared by pulsed laser deposition, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 2527-2534 (2016) DOI:10.1039/C5CP04961J.
• Y. Jouane, S. Colis, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, Y. Chapuis, Impact of sputtered ZnO interfacial layer on the S-curve in conjugated polymer/fullerene based-inverted organic solar cells, Thin Solid Films, 576, 23-30 (2015) DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2014.12.023.
• P. Bazylewski, L. V. Nguyen, R. Bauer, A. Hunt, E. McDermott, B. Leedahl, A. I. Kukharenko, S. O. Cholakh, E. Z. Kurmaev, P. Blaha, A. Moewes, Y. H. Lee, G. S. Chang, Selective Area Band Engineering of Graphene using Metal-assisted Oxidation, Scientific Reports 5, 15380 (2015) DOI:10.1038/srep15380.
• J. Green, T. Z. Regier, J. A. McLeod, X. H. Xu, G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, A. Moewes, Room Temperature Ferromagnetism Driven by Adjacent Fe-Vacancy Interactions in Dilute Magnetic Oxide (In_1-xFe_x)₂O₃, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 167401 (2015) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.167401 .
• P. Bazylewski, D. Boukhvalov, A. Kukharenko, E. Z. Kurmaev, A. Hunt, A. Moewes, Y. H. Lee, S. Cholakh and G. S. Chang, The Characterization of Co-nanoparticle Supported on Graphene, RSC Advances 5, 75600 (2015)  DOI:10.1039/C5RA12893E.
• S. K. Purdy, A. P. Knights, M. P. Bradley, and G. S. Chang, Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated From Carbon Ions Implanted Into p-Type Silicon, IEEE Trans. Elect. Dev. 62, 914-918 (2015) DOI:10.1109/TED.2015.2395995.
• R. Bauer, P. Bazylewski, P. Jadav, J. Shen, D .P. Okinyo-Owiti, J. Yang, G. S. Chang, M. Reaney, R. Sammynaiken, Characterization of metal-functionalized flax orbitide as a new candidate for light-emitting semiconductor, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 619, 012026 (2015) DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/619/1/012026. 
• Y. Jouane, S. Colis, G. Schmerber, A. Dinia, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, Y. Chapuis, Impact of crystalline structure changes of sputtered ZnO cathode interfacial layer on conjugated polymer/fullerene layer in inverse organic solar cells, Thin Solid Films 576, 23-30 (2015) DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2014.12.023. 
• M. Balestrieri, S. Colis M. Gallart, G. Ferblantier, D. Muller, P. Gilliot, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, A. Slaoui, A. Dinia, Efficient energy transfer from ZnO to Nd³⁺ ions in Nd-doped ZnO films deposited by magnetron reactive sputtering, J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 9182-9188 (2014) DOI:10.1039/c4tc00980k.
• M. Balestrieri, M. Gallart, M. Ziegler, P. Bazylewski, G. Ferblantier, G. Schmerber, G. S. Chang, P. Gilliot, D. Muller, A. Slaoui, S. Colis, and A. Dinia, Luminescence properties and energy transfer in Pr³⁺ doped and Pr³⁺-Yb³⁺ co-doped ZnO thin films, J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 13775-13780 (2014) DOI:10.1021/jp502311z.
• J. Forrest, P. Bazylewski, R. Bauer, S. J. Hong, C. Y. Kim, J. P. Giesy, J. S. Khim, and G. S. Chang, HOMO-LUMO gap and molecular dipole moment as major overarching indicators of toxicity and bioavailability, Front. Mar. Sci. 1, 31 (2014) DOI:10.3389/fmars.2014.00031. 
• S. J. Hong, J. S. Khim, J. S. Park, H. S. Son, S. D. Choi, K. H. Choi, J. S. Ryu, C. Y. Kim, G. S. Chang, J. P. Giesy, Species- and tissue-specific bioaccumulation of arsenicals in various aquatic organisms from a highly industrialized area in the Pohang City, Korea, Environ. Pollut. 192, 27-35 (2014) DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.004. 
• A. Hunt, D. A. Dikin, E. Z. Kurmaev, Y. H. Lee, N. V. Luan, G. S. Chang, and A. Moewes, Modulation of the Band Gap of Graphene Oxide: The Role of AA-stacking, Carbon. 66, 539-546 (2014) DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.09.036. 
• K. Chauhan, I. Burgess, G. S. Chang, and I. Mukhopadhyay, Preparation of CdTe thin film by electrodeposition in butyl methyl imidazolium chloride bath at 80 ^oC, J. Electroanal. Chem. 713, 70-76 (2014) DOI:10.1016/j.elechem.2013.11.032. 
• V. Saikiran, N. Srinivasa Rao, G. Devaraju, G. S. Chang, and A. P. Pathak, Formation of Ge nanocrystals from ion-irradiated GeO₂nanocrystals by swift Ni ion beam, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 312, 1-6 (2013) DOI:10.1016/j.nimb.2013.07.005. 
• H. Bieber, S. Colis, A. Dinia, G. Schmerber, V. Pierron-Bohnes, D. W. Boukhvalov, E. Z. Kurmaev, L. D. Finkelstein, P. Bazylewski A. Moewes, and G. S. Chang, Effect of Ag co-doping on the magnetic properties and local bonding structure of ZnO:Co thin films, Thin Solid Films 545, 488-495 (2013) DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2013.07.043. 
• V. Saikiran, N. Srinivasa Rao, G. Devaraju, G. S. Chang, and A. P. Pathak, Ion beam irradiation effects on Ge nanocrystals synthesized by RF sputtering followed by RTA, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B 315, 161-164 (2013) DOI:10.1016/j.nimb.2013.04.008. 
• S. C. Das, R. J. Green, J. Podder, T. Z. Regier, G. S. Chang, and A. Moewes, Band gap tuning in ZnO through Ni doping via spray pyrolysis, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 12745-12753 (2013) DOI:10.1021/jp3126329.
• S. Gautam, P. Thakur, P. Bazylewski, R. Bauer, A. P. Singh, J. Y. Kim, M. Subramanian, R. Jayavel, K. Asokan, K. H. Chae, and G. S. Chang, Spectroscopic study of Zn_1-xCo_xO thin films showing intrinsic ferromagnetism, Mater. Chem. Phys. 140, 130 (2013)DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.03.011.
• See Kei Lee, Ryo Yamada, Shoji Tanada, Gap Soo Chang, Yoshihiro Asai, and Hirokazu Tada, Universal Temperature Crossover Behavior of Electrical Conductance in a Single Oligothiophene Molecular Wire, ACS Nano 6, 5078 (2012) DOI:10.1021/nn3006976. 
• A. Hunt, D. A. Dikin, E. Z. Kurmaev, T. D. Boyko, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, and A. Moewes, Epoxide Speciation and Functional Group Distribution in Graphene Oxide Paper-like Materials, Adv. Func. Mater. 22, 3950 (2012) DOI:10.1002/adfm.201200529. 
• G. S. Chang, J. Forrest, E. Z. Kurmaev, A. N. Morozovska, M. D. Glinchuk, J. A. McLeod, A. Moewes, T. P. Surkova, and Nguyen Hoa Hong, Oxygen-vacancy-induced ferromagnetism in undoped SnO₂ thin films, Phys. Rev. B 85, 165319 (2012)DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.85.165319. 
• J. Jin, X. Y. Zhang, Y. X. Zhou, and G. S. Chang, Annealing effect on the electronic structure and magnetic properties of Mn-doped ZnO films, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 27, 035012 (2012) DOI:10.1088/0268-1242/27/3/035012. 
• Paul F. Bazylewski, Kyung Hwan Kim, Jay L. Forrest, Hirokazu Tada, Dong Hoon Choi, and Gap Soo Chang, Side-Chain effects on electronics structure and molecular stacking arrangement of PCBM spin-coated films. Chem. Phys. Lett. 508, 90 (2011)DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2011.04.017.
• A. Bouaine, R. J. Green, S. Colis, P. Bazylewski, G. S. Chang, A. Moewes, E. Z. Kurmaev, and A. Dinia, Appearance of Ferromagnetism in Co-doped CeO₂ Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Prepared by Solid-State Reaction, J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 1556 (2011)DOI:10.1021/jp1088096.
• R. J. Green, G. S. Chang, X. Y. Zhang, A. Dinia, E. Z. Kurmaev, and A. Moewes, Identifying local dopant structures and their impact on the magnetic properties of spintronics materials, Phys. Rev. B 83, 115207 (2011) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.83.115207.
• J. Jin, G. S. Chang, Y. X. Zhou, X. Y. Zhang, D. W. Boukhvalov, E. Z. Kurmaev, and A. Moewes, X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopic investigation of Mn doped ZnO, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 10748 (2011) DOI:10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.07.091. 
• R. G. Wilks, G. S. Chang, K. H. Kim, D. H. Choi, and A. Moewes, Molecular orientation and optical luminescence properties of soluble star shaped oligothiophene molecules for organic electronic applications, J. Elec. Spectro. Rel. Phenom. 184, 355 (2011)DOI:10.1016/j.elspec.2011.01.004. 
• M. H. Jang, S. J. Park, S. J. Park, M.-H. Cho, E. Z. Kurmaev, L. D. Finkelstein, and G. S. Chang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 152113 (2010)DOI:10.1063/1.3499751.
• A. N. Titov, Yu. M. Yarmoshenko, G. S. Chang, M. V. Yablonskikh, E. Z. Kurmeav, R. Wilks. A. Moewes, V. A. Tsurin, V. V. Fedorenko, O. N. Surorova, S. Yu. Ketkov, P. Bazylewski, and M. Neumann, Electronic Structure and physical properties of ferrocene intercalated into TiSe₂. Chem. Phys. Lett. 497, 187 (2010) DOI:10.1016/j.cplett.2010.08.024. 
• J. Jin, G. S. Chang, D. W. Boukhvalov, X. Y. Zhang, L. D. Finkelstein, W. Xu, Y. X. Zhou, E. Z. Kurmaev, and A. Moewes, Element-specific electronic structure of Mn dopants and ferromagnetism of (Zn,Mn)O thin films, Thin Solid Films 518, 2825-2829 (2010)DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.12.100. 
• J. Jin, G. S. Chang, W. Xu, Y. X. Zhou, D. W. Boukhvalov, L. D. Finkelstein, E. Z. Kurmaev, X. Y. Zhang, and A. Moewes, Electronic structure of Mn in (Zn,Mn)O probed by resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy, Solid State Commun. 150, 1065-1068 (2010)DOI:10.1016/j.ssc.2010.03.006. 
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, D. W. Boukhvalov, L. D. Finkelstein, A. Moewes, H. Bieber, S. Colis, and A. Dinia, Co and Al co-doping for ferromagnetism in ZnO:Co diluted magnetic semiconductors, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 21, 056002 (2009) DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/21/5/056002.
• S. Gautam, P. Thakur, K. H. Chae, G. S. Chang, M. Subramanain, R. Jayavel, and K. Asokan, “Electronic Structure of Co-doped ZnO Thin Films by X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 55, 167-172 (2009) DOI:10.3938/jkps.55.167. 
• J. H. Seo, R.G. Wilks, A. Moewes, C. N. Whang, K. H. Chae, S. J. Cho, K.-H. Yoo, and G. S. Chang, Unipolar-to-Ambipolar Conversion of Organic Thin-Film Transistors by Organosilane Self-Assembled Monolayer, J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 16266 (2008) DOI:10.1021/jp807355q.
• P. Thakur, K. H. Chae, C. N. Whang, G. S. Chang D. K. Shukla, S. Mollah, and R. Kumar, X-ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopic Studies of BiMn_2-xTi_xO₅ (0 < x < 0.5), J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 53, 1449 (2008) DOI:10.3938/jkps.53.1449.
• D. S. Park, W. C. Jang, S. W. Cho, J. H. Seo, I. S. Jeong, T. W. Kim, G. S. Chang A. Moewes, K. H. Chae, K. Jeong, K.-H. Yoo, and C. N. Whang, Influence of 2-mercapto-5-nitrobenzimidazole treatment on the electronic characteristics of bottom-contact organic field-effect transistors, Org. Electron. 9, 1010 (2008) DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2008.07.012.
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, D. W. Boukhvalov, A. Moewes, L. D. Finkelstein, M. Wei, and J. L. MacManus-Driscoll, Defect-induced Ferromagnetism in Mn-doped Cu₂O, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 20, 215216 (2008) DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/20/21/215216.
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, D.W. Boukhvalov, L.D. Finkelstein, S. Colis, T. Pedersen, A. Moewes, and A. Dinia, Effect of Co and O defects on the ferromagnetism in Co-doped ZnO: Experimental and theory, Phys. Rev. B 75, 195215 (2007)DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.75.195215.
• J. H. Seo, T. M. Pedersen, G. S. Chang, A. Moewes, S. W. Cho, K. -H. Yoo, S. J. Cho, and C. N. Whang, Probing interfacial characteristics of rubrene/pentacene and pentacene/ rubrene bilayers with soft x-ray spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 9513 (2007)DOI:10.1021/jp070347q.
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, S. W. Jung, G.-C. Yi, M. V. Yablonskikh, T. Pederson, A. Moewes, and L. D. Finkelstein, Local electronic structure of Mn dopants in ZnO probed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19, 276210 (2007)DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276210.
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, L. D. Finkelstein, H. K. Choi, W. O. Lee, Y. D. Park, T. M. Pedersen, and A. Moewes, Post-annealing effect on the electronic structure of Mn atoms in Ga_1-xMn_xAs probed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19, 076215 (2007) DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/19/7/076215.
• J. H. Seo, C. Y. Kim, S. J. Kang, K.-H. Yoo, C. N. Whang, A. Moewes, and G. S. Chang, Electronic structure of NPB and BCP molecules probed by x-ray emission spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 064706 (2007) DOI:10.1063/1.2464086.
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, L. D. Finkelstein, N. A. Babushkina, A. Moewes, and T. A. Callcott, Probing changes in the Mn 3d band of Sm_0.525Sr_0.475MnO₃ induced by oxygen isotope substitution, Phys. Rev. B 74, 125105 (2006) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.125105.
• J. H. Seo, C. N. Whang, and K.-H. Yoo, G. S. Chang, T. Pedersen, A. Moewes, K. H. Chae, and S. J. Cho, Buffer layer effect on the structural and electrical properties of rubrene-based organic thin-film transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 163205 (2006)DOI:10.1063/1.2363940.
• G. S. Chang, E. Z. Kurmaev, D. W. Boukhvalov, L. D. Finkelstein, D. H. Kim, T.-W. Noh, A. Moewes, and T. A. Callcott, Probing charge carriers in Co-doped anatase TiO₂ thin films with soft x-ray fluorescence, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 18, 4243 (2006) DOI:10.1088/0953-8984/18/17/012.
• G. S. Chang, A. Moewes, S. H. Kim, J. Lee, K. Jeong, C. N. Whang, D. H. Kim, and S.-C. Shin, Uniaxial in-plane magnetic anisotropy of a CoPt thin film induced by ion irradiation, Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 092504 (2006) DOI:10.1063/1.2180867.
• S. J. Kang, Y. Yi, C. Y. Kim, K. –H. Yoo, A. Moewes, M. H. Cho, J. D. Denlinger, C. N. Whang, and G. S. Chang, Chemical reaction at the interface between pentacene and HfO₂, Phys. Rev. B 72, 205328 (2005) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.205328.
• S. J. Kang, Y. Yi, C. Y. Kim, C. N. Whang, T. A. Callcott, K. Krochak, A. Moewes, and G. S. Chang Analysis of octadecyltrichlorosilane treatment of organic thin-filmtransistors using soft x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 232103 (2005)DOI:10.1063/1.1944900.
• S. H. Kim, J. –H. Yune, S. W. Shin, H. B. Kim, G. S. Chang, C. N. Whang, K. H. Chae, and K. Jeong, The control of in-plane magnetic anisotropy by ion irradiation, Phys. Status Solidi (b) 241, 1654 (2004) DOI:10.1002/pssb.200304635.
• G. P. Zhang, G. S. Chang, T. A. Callcott, D. L. Ederer, W. N. Kang, E. M. Choi, H. J. Kim, and S. I. Lee, Unoccupied and occupied electronic states of single crystal MgB₂: Angle-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy study, Phys. Rev. B 67, 174519 (2003)DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.67.174519.
• G. S. Chang, T. A. Callcott, G. T. Woods, S. H. Kim, K. Jeong, C. N. Whang, and A. Moewes, Angular rotation of magnetic hysteresis of ion-irradiated ferromagnetic thin films, Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3016 (2002) DOI:10.1063/1.1515370.
• G. T. Woods, G. P. Zhang, T. A. Callcott, L. Lin, G. S. Chang, B. Sales, D. Mandrus, and J. He, Site-selected O 2p densities of states in NaV₂O₅ determined from angular-dependent x-ray absorption and emission spectra, Phys. Rev. B. 65, 165108 (2002)DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.65.165108.
• G. P. Zhang, G. T. Woods, Eric L. Shirley, T. A. Callcott, L. Lin, G. S. Chang, Brian Sales, and D. Mandrus, Orbital-resolved soft x-ray spectroscopy in NaV₂O₅, Phys. Rev. B 65, 165107 (2002) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.65.165107.
• E. Z. Kurmaev, K. Endo, T. Ida, T. Otsuka, S. Y. Kim, G. S. Chang, A. Moewes, N. Y. Kim, C. N. Whang, and D. L. Ederer, The Electronic Structure of TPD films grown by different methods, Org. Electron. 3, 15 (2002) DOI:10.1016/S1566-1199(01)00026-X.
• J. H. Son, T. G. Kim, G. S. Chang, C. N. Whang, J. H. Song, and K. H. Chae, Ion beam induced atomic transport in bilayer systems,Curr. Appl. Phys. 2, 117 (2002) DOI:10.1016/S1567-1739(01)00082-7.
• G. S. Chang, Y. P. Lee, J. Y. Rhee, J. Lee, K. Jeong, C. N. Whang, and Y. P. Lee, Realization of a large magnetic moment in the ferromagnetic bulk phase, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 67208 (2001) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.067208.
• G. S. Chang, J. H. Son, K. H. Chae, C. N. Whang, E. Z. Kurmaev, S. N. Shamin, V. R. Galakhov, A. Moewes, and D. L. Ederer, Soft x-ray fluorescence and photoluminescence of Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO₂, Appl. Phys. A 72, 303 (2001) DOI:10.1007/s003390000558.
• G. S. Chang, S. H. Kim, K. H. Chae, E. Z. Kurmaev, V. Galakhov, A. Moewes, Y P. Lee, K. Jeong, and C. N. Whang, The electronic structure of ion beam mixed ferromagnetic multilayered films, J. Elec. Spectro. Rel. Phenom. 114-116, 807 (2001)DOI:10.1016/S0368-2048(00)00271-1.
• G. S. Chang, C. N. Whang, J. Y. Rhee, and Y. P. Lee, Electronic and Structural Properties of Equiatomic Co-Pt Alloy Films at Low Temperature, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 1775 (2000) DOI:10.1063/1.372091.
• E. Z. Kurmaev, R. P. Winarski, J. –C. Pivin, D. L. Ederer, S. N. Shamin, A. Moewes, K. Endo, T. Ida, G. S. Chang, and C. N. Whang, Chemical reactions in polymers induced by ion beam mixing : fluorescence x-ray measurements, J. Elec. Spectro. Rel. Phenom. 110-111, 87 (2000) DOI:10.1016/S0368-2048(00)00159-6.
• G. S. Chang, T. Y. Kim, K. H. Chae, J. Lee, K. Jeong, C. N. Whang, E. Z. Kurmaev, A. Moewes, and Y. P. Lee, Electronic Properties of Ion Beam Mixed Co/Pt Multilayered Films, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 37, 438 (2000) DOI:10.3938/jkps.37.438.
• S. J. Kang, J. Lee, Y. D. Chung, K. Y. Lim, Y. S. Lee, S. Y. Kwon, G. S. Chang, and C. N. Whang, Simultaneous measurement of two components of magnetization with MOKE, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 37, 414 (2000) DOI:10.3938/jkps.37.414.
• G. S. Chang, C. N. Whang, E. Z. Kurmaev, D. A. Zatsepin, R. P. Winarski, D. L. Ederer, A. Moewes, and Y. P. Lee, Probing a buried buffer layer between metal and polymer with soft X-ray fluorescence, 1999 Scientific Highlight of Polymer/Biomaterials/Soft Matter Section of ALS, ALS Activity Report p.18-19 (2000).
• G. S. Chang, K. H. Chae, C. N. Whang, E. Z. Kurmaev, D. A. Zatsepin, R. P. Winarski, D. L. Ederer, A. Moewes, and Y. P. Lee, Mechanism for interfacial adhesion strength of ion beam mixed Cu/polyimide with a thin buffer layer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 522 (1999)DOI:10.1063/1.123174.
• K. H. Chae, J. H. Son, G. S. Chang, H. B. Kim, S. Im, C. N. Whang, J. H. Song, K. J. Kim, and H. K. Kim, Visible photoluminescence in ion beam mixed SiO₂/Si/SiO₂ layers, Nanostruct. Mater. 11, 1239 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S0965-9773(99)00414-6.
• E. Z. Kurmaev, D. A. Zatsepin, R. P. Winarski, S. Stadler, D. L. Ederer, A. Moewes, V. V. Fedorenko, S. N. Shamin, V. R. Galakov, G. S. Chang, and C. N. Whang, X-ray Emission Study of Ion Beam Mixed Metal/Polymer Interfaces, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 17, 593 (1999)DOI:10.1161/1.581623.
• R. P. Winarski, D. L. Ederer, E. Z. Kurmaev, S. N. Shamin, K. Endo, T. Ida, A. Moewes, G. S. Chang, S. Y. Kim, and C. N. Whang, Soft X-ray fluorescence measurements of polyimide films, Thin Solid Films 357, 91 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00423-X.
• G. S. Chang, T. G. Kim, K. H. Chae, C. N. Whang, J. I. Jeong, and Y. P. Lee, Cohesive Energy Effect on the Atomic Transport in the Ion Beam Mixed Co/Pt Bilayered Film, Thin Solid Films 341, 234 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S0040-6090(98)01552-1.
• G. S. Chang, K. H. Chae, C. N. Whang, and Y. P. Lee, Properties of Ion Beam Mixed Co/Pt Multilayered Films, J. Mag. Soc. Jpn. 23, 646 (1999) (Direct Download Link). 
• E. Z. Kurmaev, R. P. Winarski, D. L. Ederer, J. -C. Pivin, S. N. Shamin, A. Moewes, T. A. Collcott, G. S. Chang, and C. N.Whang. Soft X-ray fluorescence measurements of irradiated polyimide and polycarbonsilane films, J. Elec. Spec. Rel. Phonom. 101, 565 (1999)DOI:10.1016/S0368-2048(98)00353-3.
• G. S. Chang, J. H. Son, C. N. Whang, E. Menthe, K.–T. Rie, and Y. P. Lee, Electronic Structures and Nitride Formation of Ion Implanted AISI 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel, Surf. Coat. Technol. 112, 291 (1999) DOI:10.1016/S0257-8972(98)00795-6.
• G. S. Chang, S. H. Kim, J. H. Son, T. Y. Kim, K. H. Chae, J. Lee, K. Jeong, C. N. Whang, E. Z. Kurmaev, A. Moewes, and Y. P. Lee, Electronic Structures of Ferromagnetic Ion Beam Mixed Co/Pt Films, J. Kor. Vac. Soc. 8(S1), 82 (1999)
• R. Winarski, D. L. Ederer, J.-C. Pivin, E. Z. Kurmaev, S. N. Shamin, A. Moewes,G. S. Chang, C. N. Whang, K. Endo, and T. Ida, Soft X-ray Fluorescence Measurements of Irradiated Polymer Films, Nucl. Instrum. and Methods B 145, 401 (1998) DOI:10.1016/S0168-583X(98)00529-1.
• G. S. Chang, S. M. Jung, Y. S. Lee, I. S. Choi, C. N. Whang, J. J. Woo, and Y. P. Lee, Adhesion enhancement of ion beam mixed Cu/Al/polyimide, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 135 (1997) DOI:10.1063/1.363999.
• G. S. Chang, S. M. Jung, J. H. Song, H. B. Kim, J. J. Woo, D. H. Byun, and C. N. Whang, Cohesive energy effects on the atomic transport induced by ion beam mixing, Nucl. Instrum. and Methods B 121, 244 (1997).
• G. S. Chang, T. G. Kim, K. H. Chae, C. N. Whang, D. S. Zatsepin, E. Z. Kurmaev, H. S. Choe, and Y. P. Lee, Enhanced Adhesion Strength of Cu/polyimide and Cu/Al/polyimide by Ion Beam Mixing, J. Kor. Vac. Soc. 6(S1), 122 (1997).
• Y. P. Lee, K.W. Kim, G. M. Lee, Y. V. Kudryavtsev, G. S. Chang, and C. N. Whang, Properties of Magneto-optical Co-Pt and Magnetoresistive Co-Cu Alloy Films, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 475, 437 (1997).
• G. M. Lee, K. W .Kim, Y. P. Lee, H. W. Joo, D. Jeon, G. S. Chang, and C. N. Whang, Magnetic Force Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Co Alloy Films, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 31, S74 (1997).
• K. W. Kim, Y. V. Kudryavtsev, G. S. Chang, C. N. Whang, and Y. P. Lee, Spin Polarized Photoemission and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Study of FeAl Thin Films, J. Kor. Vac. Soc. 6(S1), 53 (1997).
• S. M. Jung, G. S. Chang, J. H. Song, K. H. Chae, K. Jeong, J. J. Woo, and C. N. Whang, A Model for the Atomic Transport Induced by the Radiation Enhanced Diffusion, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 28, 481 (1995) DOI:10.3938/jkps.28.481.
• S. M. Jung, G. S. Chang, J. K. Kim, S. O. Kim, J. J. Woo, and C. N. Whang, Reduction of the Ti Silicide Formation Temperature by Ar+ Ion Bombardment, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 27, 572 (1994) DOI:10.3938/jkps.27.572.